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Intermediate Excel · Interactive lesson 3 of 12

Logic formulas

IF handles one condition. Real business rules usually need more: several tiers, several conditions at once, or a graceful fallback when the math itself breaks. IFS, AND/OR, and IFERROR cover those cases.

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Screens shown: Excel for Microsoft 365 for Windows. Practice works in any browser.

Written tutorialLogic Formulas in Excel: IF with AND, OR and IFS

Skill check

Try these first:

  • Write an IF formula that returns one of two outcomes.
  • Write an IFS formula that sorts a value into three or more categories.
  • Combine two conditions with AND or OR inside a rule.
  • Wrap a formula in IFERROR so a bad input shows a message instead of an error.

All familiar? Skip ahead to I4 — Lookup Formulas.

Targeted teach

What you're learning

IF
One condition, two outcomes: =IF(C2>=D2,"Met Goal","Below Goal").
IFS
Checks conditions in order and returns the first match — =IFS(ratio>=1,"Met",ratio>=0.9,"Close",TRUE,"Review"). That last TRUE is a catch-all for everything else.
AND / OR
Combine conditions — AND needs every one true, OR needs just one. Nest them inside IF: =IF(OR(C2<D2,E2<0.05),"Yes","No").
IFERROR
Catches whatever error the wrapped formula would have thrown and shows a fallback instead — =IFERROR(C2/D2,"N/A") turns a #DIV/0! into something readable.
Readable rules
Long nested IFs get unreadable fast — the moment you're past two tiers, reach for IFS instead.
Tip: IFERROR catches every error alike — #DIV/0!, a bad reference, anything — so use it once you know what's likely to go wrong, not as a blanket way to hide problems.

Where to find it in Excel

Formulas›Logical›IFS · AND · OR · IFERROR

Swipe sideways to see the whole window.

  1. 1Formulas tab.
  2. 2Logical has IF, IFS, AND, OR, NOT, IFERROR and SWITCH.
  3. 3IFS tests conditions in order and returns the first match.
  4. 4TRUE as the last test catches everything else.

Rendered view of Excel for Microsoft 365 (Windows). Ribbon layout can differ slightly on Mac, Excel for the web or a narrow window.

Guided practice

The same sales-rep table from I1. Four dashed cells — Status, Tier, Needs Review, and a safely-wrapped ratio — one per row.

📊 Goal Tracking — click a dashed cell
—
ƒx
Start with Status (F5, Lena Ortiz) — compare her Sales (C5) to her Goal (D5).

Independent variation

Design your own tiered rule

Take a goal-tracking sheet of your own — sales, grades, fundraising — and build a three-tier IFS rule for it. Add one AND/OR rule that flags a row needing attention, and wrap any formula that could divide by zero or miss a value in IFERROR.

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